Childhood vaccinations - essential information

*Important updates* immunsation schedule for babies born from 1st July 2024 (see below)

For more information on the changes to the childhood vaccination programme: why they are happening? Click here. 

Routine childhood immunisations

Selective childhood immunisation programmes

The children's nasal spray flu vaccine is safe and effective. It is offered every year to children to help protect them against the flu.

Flu is caused by the influenza virus. It can be a very unpleasant illness for children. It can also lead to serious problems, such as bronchitis and pneumonia.

Children can catch and spread the flu easily. Vaccinating them also protects others who are vulnerable to flu, such as babies and older people.

Other groups of children with long-term health conditions should have the flu vaccine every year. This includes children with:

• weakened immune systems (including those on steroids or with problems with their spleen)
• chronic heart or lung problems
• diabetes
• asthma
• chronic kidney or liver disease.

It is especially important that these children are vaccinated because they have the greatest risk of becoming very unwell if they get the flu. Children aged from six months to two years who are at risk from complications of the flu should be given the inactivated (injected) flu vaccine rather than the intranasal vaccine.

Common myths about flu and the flu vaccine

'Flu isn't serious, so my child doesn't need a flu vaccine'.

'My children never get ill, so they don't need the vaccine'.

It is tempting to think that flu is no worse than a bad cold, but in fact it is a serious disease that can infect anyone and can cause serious complications. For people at risk of complications e.g. grandparents or other vulnerable household members, flu can lead to hospitalisation or even death. Flu leads to hundreds of thousands of GP visits and tens of thousands of hospital stays a year.

'Last year my children had the flu vaccine but they got ill anyway, so it doesn't work'.

No vaccine is 100 percent effective, including the flu vaccine. However, the vaccine usually prevents about half of all flu cases. For people who get flu after being vaccinated, the disease is often less severe than it would have been. It is important to remember that the flu vaccine only protects against flu, but there are other illnesses that have flu-like symptoms that you can still catch after getting the flu vaccine. It takes up to two weeks for the vaccine to take effect, so you could still catch flu if you are exposed to the virus during this time. Getting vaccinated as early as possible in the season can help to prevent this.

Use this video to explain to your child why they are taking the flu vaccine.

Measles is a highly infectious viral disease that can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

Mumps can cause a wide range of complications, some very serious, including meningitis and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

Rubella (or German measles) is very dangerous for pregnant women because it can cause miscarriage or serious abnormalities in the unborn baby. 

The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine should be given at 12 months of age and then again at three years and four months of age. One vaccine results in over 90 percent protection for your child and having both vaccines means that it is almost impossible for your child to get measles.

Unfortunately, media coverage of vaccines increasingly focuses on their side effects and adverse reactions. Although there is no evidence to suggest that the MMR vaccine is associated with an increased risk of autism, misinformation about this has directly resulted in unnecessary parental anxiety and a significant drop in MMR vaccine uptake. Unfortunately, we are now seeing an increasing number of cases of measles in the UK and across Europe. This has resulted in severe illness and even deaths in a number of adults and children.

Even if you think your child will be protected by herd immunity (other people being vaccinated around them), this is no longer the case with MMR because less than the required 95 percent of the population is being vaccinated. In addition, if your child were to travel to another country (even when they are an adult) or come into contact with someone with measles who is visiting from abroad, they will be completely unprotected and may contract the infection. Unfortunately, measles is highly infectious and is spread by aerosolised particles and droplets coughed or sneezed by infected individuals.

Find more information about the safety of the MMR vaccine and parent stories here.

It’s normal to have questions about any medication that you’re giving to your child and vaccines are no exception. The most common questions that parents ask are:

Why should I have my child vaccinated?

Won’t herd immunity protect them? Herd immunity does not protect against all diseases. The best example of this is tetanus, which is caught from bacteria in the environment, not from other people who have the disease. In addition, for herd immunity to work properly, most people in the population need to be vaccinated. There are low vaccination rates in some parts of the UK and in some communities, as well as in many overseas countries. This means that if your child is not vaccinated, it is quite likely that many of the people they come into contact with will not be vaccinated either. So if one person gets an infectious disease, it can spread quickly through all the unvaccinated people in the group (this happened during the 2013 measles outbreak in Wales).

Won’t having several vaccines at the same time overload my baby’s immune system?

Parents often worry that a child’s immune system will not be able to cope with several vaccines at once. In fact, even a tiny baby’s immune system can cope easily. Starting from birth, babies come into contact with millions of germs every day. It is estimated that the human body contains enough white blood cells to cope with thousands of vaccines at any one time. If a child was given 11 vaccines at once, it would only use about a thousandth of the immune system. It is not a good idea to delay vaccinations to ‘spread the load’, because it leaves the child unprotected against serious diseases for longer.

How do I know that vaccines are safe?

All vaccines go through a long and thorough process of development and testing before they are licensed for use. Vaccines have to be tested on adults and children separately before they can be used for different age groups; this is because vaccines that work in adults may not work so well in children. No vaccines are tested on children before they have been fully tested on adults. Click here for more information about vaccine safety and side effects.

Vaccinations- Are they Safe for my Child

Click here for more information about common questions, concerns and comments that people have about vaccines

How do i check my child is up to date?

• Your child should have a personal child health record or ‘Red Book’. You can check this to see if your child is up to date or missing any immunisations from the routine schedule.
• If you have the NHS app and your child’s profile is linked to your own profile, you may be able to check your child’s records via the NHS app.
• If you don’t have a red book or you can’t find it, then contact your GP and ask them to check your child’s records for any gaps in immunisations.